vocabulary

⑴engraving:a pictuer made by cutting a design on a piece of metal and the printing the design.

⑵negotiate:1、to confer with another in order to come to terns.2、to ararange or settle by agreement:negotiate a contract.3to transfer title or ownership.4to succeed in coping with.

The goverment will not negotiate with terrorists.

⑶dislodge:to force out of a position previously occupied.

The wind dislodged one or two tiles from the roof.

⑷hamper:to prevent the free movement,action,or  progress of

⑸skirimish:1a short fight between small groups of soldiers.2 a short argument,especially between political opponents.

Several people were killed in skirimishes during the night.

⑹brutal:violent and cruel;not thinking of people’s feelings;direct and clear about sth unpleasant

With brutal honesty she told him she did not love him.

⑺overwhelming:very great or vry strong;so powerful that you cannot resist it or decide how to react.

The overwhelming majority off those present were in favour of the plan.

⑻underfed:have a little food to eat

People were always underfed in the past.

⑼subsequent:happening after sth else

Subsquent events confirmed our doubts.

⑽patriotism:love of your country and willingness to defend it.

⑾exprodition:an organizad journey with a particular purpose,especially to find out about a place that is not well known;the people who go on an expedition;a short trip that you make when you want or need sth.

There members of the Everest expordition were killed.

⑿enlisted:a member of the army;having arank this below of an officer

enlisted personnal

⒀groomed:used to discribe the way in which a person caares for thier clothes and hair

She is always perfectly groomed.

⒁absence:the fact of sb being away from a place where they are usually expected to be;the occasion or period of time when sb is away;the fact  of sb/sth not existing or not being available;a lack of sth

The decision was made in my absence.

⒂rigid:very strict and difficult to change;not willing to change their ideas or behavior;stiff and difficult to move or bend

The curriculum was too narrow and too rigid.

⒃faithfully:accurately,carefully;in a loyal way,in a way that you can rely on

The events were faithfully recorded in her diary.

⒄fragmentary:made of small parts that are not connected or complete.

There is only fragmentary evidence to support this theory.

⒅phonetic:connected with the sounds of human;that closely matches the sounds represented;using specially symbols to represent each different speech sound.

Spanish spelling is phonetic,unlike English spelling.

⒆rival:compete;to be as good as sb/sth else

The two teams have always benn rivals.

⒇ originality:ideas

This latest collection lacks style and originality.

21 preoccupied:thinking and continuously about sth so that you don’t pay attention to other things.

He was too preoccupied with his own throughts to notice anything wrong.

22 punishment:an act or a way of punishing sb;rough treatment

The carpet by the door takes the most punishment.

23 futile:having no purpose because there is no chance of success

Their efforts to revive him were futile.

Unit 2

1. exist: to be real;to live

The problem exists in my head.

2.ratify: to approve and give formal sanction to.

The application was ratified by my teacher.

3.valid: founded on evidence or fact; having legal force.

The have a valid claim to compensation.

4.exploit:to utilize fully or advantageously; to make sure of selfishly or unethically.

He exploited his brother’s name to make money.

5.potential:capacity for growth,development,or coming into being.

There is a potencial source of conflict between the two countries.

6.substantial f or having substance; mot imaginary; solidly built;considerable;possessing wealth.

Substantial numbers of people support the reforms.

7.withdrawal:the act of withdrawaling; detachment,as from social or emotional involvement;discontinuation of the use of an addictive substance;the physiological and mental readjustment that accompanies such discontinuation.

US withdrawal from Vietnam.

8.canal:an artificial waterway used to travel,shipping,or irrigation.

There is a irrigation canal to watering the grass.

9.legitimate:lawful;being in accordance with accepted standards;reasonable;authentic;born of legally married parents.

It is a perfectly legitimate question.

10.obtain:to succeed in gaining possessionof;to be accepted or customary.

These clothes no longer obtain.